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		<title>El bloc de Carles Batlle &#187; Uncategorized</title>
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		<title>Un problema d&#8217;àlgebra</title>
		<link>http://carlesbatlle.wordpress.com/2009/06/29/un-problema-dalgebra/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2009 08:10:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carlesbatlle</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[El següent problema porta a un resultat que és important a la teoria de control de sistemes i a altres camps.
Considereu una matriu  amb  files i  columnes, amb , i sigui  la seva matriu trasposada.
1) Demostreu que  és invertible si i sols si les columnes de  són linealment independents. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=carlesbatlle.wordpress.com&blog=2554365&post=18&subd=carlesbatlle&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>El següent problema porta a un resultat que és important a la teoria de control de sistemes i a altres camps.</p>
<p>Considereu una matriu <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> amb <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> files i <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> columnes, amb <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m%3Cn&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='m&lt;n' title='m&lt;n' class='latex' />, i sigui <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%5ET&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g^T' title='g^T' class='latex' /> la seva matriu trasposada.</p>
<p>1) Demostreu que <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%5ETg&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g^Tg' title='g^Tg' class='latex' /> és invertible si i sols si les columnes de <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> són linealment independents. En el que segueix suposarem que aquest és el cas.</p>
<p>2) Com que <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=m%3Cn&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='m&lt;n' title='m&lt;n' class='latex' />, <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> té <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n-m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n-m' title='n-m' class='latex' /> vectors nuls per l&#8217;esquerra, linealment independents. Els posem en les files d&#8217;una matriu <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%5E%5Cperp&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g^\perp' title='g^\perp' class='latex' /> amb  <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n-m&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n-m' title='n-m' class='latex' />  files i <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> columnes, de manera que</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%5E%5Cperp+g+%3D0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g^\perp g =0' title='g^\perp g =0' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Demostreu que <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=g%5E%5Cperp+%28g%5E%5Cperp%29%5ET&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='g^\perp (g^\perp)^T' title='g^\perp (g^\perp)^T' class='latex' /> és invertible.</p>
<p>3) Considereu ara la matriu <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Ctimes+n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n\times n' title='n\times n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q%3D%5Cleft%28%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bc%7D+g%5E%5Cperp+%5C%5C+g%5ET%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29.&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q=\left(\begin{array}{c} g^\perp \\ g^T\end{array}\right).' title='Q=\left(\begin{array}{c} g^\perp \\ g^T\end{array}\right).' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Demostreu que les <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> files de <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> són linealment independents.</p>
<p>4) Tenint en compte els resultats de 1) i 2), és immediat veure que la inversa de <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> per la dreta, que satisfà <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=QQ%5E%7B-1%7D%3D%5Ctext%7BId%7D_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='QQ^{-1}=\text{Id}_n' title='QQ^{-1}=\text{Id}_n' class='latex' />, és</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q%5E%7B-1%7D%3D+%5Cleft%28+%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bcc%7D+%28g%5E%5Cperp%29%5ET+%5Cleft%28g%5E%5Cperp+%28g%5E%5Cperp%29%5ET%5Cright%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%26+g+%5Cleft%28g%5ET+g%5Cright%29%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cend%7Barray%7D%5Cright%29.&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q^{-1}= \left( \begin{array}{cc} (g^\perp)^T \left(g^\perp (g^\perp)^T\right)^{-1} &amp; g \left(g^T g\right)^{-1}\end{array}\right).' title='Q^{-1}= \left( \begin{array}{cc} (g^\perp)^T \left(g^\perp (g^\perp)^T\right)^{-1} &amp; g \left(g^T g\right)^{-1}\end{array}\right).' class='latex' /></p>
<p>5) Com que <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> és invertible, la inversa és única, i demanant que <img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Q%5E%7B-1%7DQ%3D%5Ctext%7BId%7D_n&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='Q^{-1}Q=\text{Id}_n' title='Q^{-1}Q=\text{Id}_n' class='latex' /> s&#8217;arriba a</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://l.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%28g%5E%5Cperp%29%5ET+%5Cleft%28g%5E%5Cperp+%28g%5E%5Cperp%29%5ET%5Cright%29%5E%7B-1%7Dg%5E%5Cperp+%2B+g+%5Cleft%28g%5ET+g%5Cright%29%5E%7B-1%7Dg%5ET+%3D+%5Ctext%7BId%7D_n.&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=333333&#038;s=0' alt='(g^\perp)^T \left(g^\perp (g^\perp)^T\right)^{-1}g^\perp + g \left(g^T g\right)^{-1}g^T = \text{Id}_n.' title='(g^\perp)^T \left(g^\perp (g^\perp)^T\right)^{-1}g^\perp + g \left(g^T g\right)^{-1}g^T = \text{Id}_n.' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Aquest és un resultat força interessant i alhora senzill, amb moltes aplicacions a diverses branques de la matemàtica aplicada, des de la teoria de control a l&#8217;anàlisi de dades.</p>
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